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James Gilmour a écrit :
<blockquote TYPE=CITE>Stephane wrote
<br>> James Gilmour a écrit :
<br>>
<br>> > No. The largest single defect of single-member districts
is that they usually
<br>> > deny representation to half of those who vote. At best, they
can guarantee
<br>> > representation to only half. The second largest defect of
<br>> single-member districts
<br>> > is that they commonly distort the wishes of the voters in terms
of overall
<br>> > representation. Gerrymandering is a defect of single-member
districts, but it
<br>> > comes third on my list.
<br>>
<br>> SPPA (French acronym) solves both lattest problems (totally proportional
and no
<br>> circumscription).
<p>I do not understand the term "circumscription".</blockquote>
It is just another word for district or riding. It's latin origin precises
that
<br>the riding has to be a connex region. South Liverpool and North Glasgow
<br>could not make a circumscription even if added it would have the right
number of voters...
<blockquote TYPE=CITE>> About the first problem, Montreal simulation done
during the Convention
<br>> of electors,
<br>> november 10th, showed direct support using four different methods
<br>> after rallying when it is used:
<p>I do not understand what the term "rallying" means.</blockquote>
rallying (ralliement in french) means when your preferred candidate is
eliminated and you join one of the remaining candidates. At each round
of an IRV election, voters who preferred the eliminated candidate get transferred
to their next choice: they rally behind a new candidate or to a new candidate
(sorry my english is limited).
<blockquote TYPE=CITE>> FPTP (no rallying) 46%
<br>> MMP (no rallying) 38% - but except to quota, proportional
<br>> STV (after rallying) 46% - semi-proportional
<br>> SPPA (after rallying) 69% - integer optimal proportional
<p>What do you mean by "direct support"? What are the percentages?</blockquote>
"direct support" is the mean or average individual support received by
<br>each elected candidate. Typically in an FPTP election using two districts,
this
<br>is how you measure direct support or individual approbation rate:
<br>Imagine the following results:
<br>district 1: A 34%, B 36%, C 30%
<br>district 2: D 53%, E 47%
<br>B and D would get elected with an average individual approbation of
44,5 %
<p>If you combine direct individual approbation rate and the proportionality
error
<br>(the difference between votes and seats for every parties) you have
a good
<br>idea of the quality of the method.
<blockquote TYPE=CITE>If the simulation of STV gave a result that can be
correctly described as
<br>"semi-propotional" then all I can say is that it was a simulation of
a very poor
<br>implementation of STV-PR. Actual results from real STV-PR public
elections show
<br>that STV-PR can be correctly described as "proportional". What
is "optimal" will
<br>depend on the criteria you have selected to optimise and the definitions
you have
<br>chosen to use.</blockquote>
The implementation was Irish STV-Droop quota. But the results are just
an instance about one election. It should be better in general, I agree.
<blockquote TYPE=CITE>
<pre>> Just read and ask...</pre>
</blockquote>
<blockquote TYPE=CITE>> <a href="http://www.fairvotecanada.org/phpBB/viewtopic.php?topic=8&forum=1&4">http://www.fairvotecanada.org/phpBB/viewtopic.php?topic=8&forum=1&4</a>
<p>I have read through this description but cannot find the answers to
the questions
<br>above.</blockquote>
Integer optimal means there is no better integer solution that minimizes
the
<br>norm-1 (sum of absolute values of the difference between seats and
votes) of the error. You cannot slice representatives... but exact proportionality
can be reached using a proxy representation, so elected officials would
get a voting weight not equal to 1, but not far.
<blockquote TYPE=CITE>I am not in favour of any system that allocates seats
to parties. Political
<br>parties already have too much power over the elected representatives.
The balance
<br>of power needs to be redressed in favour of the voters.
<p>The proportionality in your proportional representation is focussed
exclusively on
<br>the political parties. But proportional representation can be,
and in my view,
<br>should be, about much more than just PR of political parties.</blockquote>
I do agree with you. This is why I think giving an equal chance to independant
candidates is mandatory. My model does that.
<br>Next, what you say is linked to the degree of rigidity of the party
line. This
<br>equilibrium is destroyed when party chief can assign dissidents to
suicide candidatures at the next election, by shuffling them on another
riding or to the bottom of the list. Removing those elements gives back
its freedom to the representative.
<br>Finally, I do not think it is realist to believe that politics can
work without parties. If I am well informed, in britain, at the parliamentary
birth, candidates were independants (like several other places). Nevertheless,
whigs and tories regrouped naturally in order to maximize their chance
of managing main issues, while accepting to follow the chief on secondary
issues. It is human behavior.
<br>I think electoral system designers have to accept parties as one of
the actors of the political scene. We only need to balance their power,
protecting the representative of the majority who elected him/her from
the party leading minority.
<blockquote TYPE=CITE>If I have understood your description correctly,
when no party wins a majority of
<br>seats, you allocate 50% of the seats to the party that wins most votes.
This may
<br>or may not solve your problem of "shaky governments" by providing them
with a
<br>"crutch", but it is not proportional representation. Practical
experience of real
<br>PR systems shows that neither coalition government nor minority government
need be
<br>shaky. That is a function of the political culture, not the voting
system.</blockquote>
Not exactly. First, the crutch is an option. If the chief of the plurality
party thinks (s)he can form a stable coalition without using the "crutch",
so be it and go for a full mandate.
<br>The problem arise when their is no stable governement to form (even
with FPTP as you just said to Alex, there is no garantee). Then, AND ONLY
THEN, it is acceptable to sacrifice proportional representation to gain
<br>governement stability. Please understand that most FPTP defendors are
ready to do this sacrifice before knowing if it is necessary. I just
generalize the Malta's correction for majority reversals to be fair while
moving from a proportional result to a functional government. Actually,
on some recommandations of M. Blais (Montreal), made the correction
to 50% or 50%-1 seat instead of 50%+1 seat. It garantees a stable bipartite
coalition
<br>instead of a 50+1% majority not that stable...
<blockquote TYPE=CITE>You advocate a system of electoral "ridings" instead
of geographically defined
<br>electoral districts. This would not be acceptable in the UK (and,
I suspect, in
<br>many other countries) where locality and geography are considered important
in
<br>representation at all levels of government.</blockquote>
I know. It is the same in Quebec. But this is essentially the answer of
parliament members, not the answer of most voters. It depends who will
decide what will be the next electoral system. Several specialists told
me about using a mixed system with my model replacing national lists...
<br>Would you like it? I would prefer STV-Droop personnally.
<blockquote TYPE=CITE>Your example was for 10 "ridings" and 10 seats.
The UK Parliament has 659 elected
<br>members. Under your system would this mean there would be 659
electoral "ridings"
<br>and that the votes would be averaged over all 659 ridings to ensure
a high degree
<br>of party proportionality? If you do mean PR to one in 659 (1/659th),
I have to
<br>say that this is not necessary and that it is highly undesirable.
Its political
<br>consequences would be disastrous. That is not speculation on
my part - sadly, we
<br>have the we have the evidence from real elections of national legislatures
to
<br>confirm the point.</blockquote>
Of course! If you do not accept to analyse the result and to allow the
crutch option in case of instability, the result is disastrous. You need
the complete set of the tools to make sense.
<br>I think it all goes on to what is an election.
<br>I think an election is a representation exercise. So we should maximize
PR and individual approbation. But when the result is not functional, thus
trading PR for stability is acceptable.
<blockquote TYPE=CITE>James
<p>----
<br>Election-methods mailing list - see <a href="http://electorama.com/em">http://electorama.com/em</a>
for list info</blockquote>
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